In the context of aviation and aerospace, an "Airfoil cowl ice protection system" refers to a system designed to prevent or remove ice from forming on the airfoil-shaped surfaces of an aircraft engine's cowl, which is the covering that houses the engine.

Ice formation on airfoils, such as wings, propellers, and engine cowls, can be a significant concern in aviation, as it can disrupt the smooth flow of air over these surfaces, leading to reduced aircraft performance, increased drag, and potentially even loss of control.

An Airfoil cowl ice protection system typically uses one or more of the following methods to prevent or remove ice:

1. Bleed air system: Hot air from the engine compressor is directed onto the cowl surfaces to evaporate any moisture and prevent ice formation.
2. Electro-thermal system: Electric heaters are embedded in the cowl surfaces to warm them and prevent ice formation.
3. Weeping wing system: A network of tiny holes or tubes in the cowl surface allows a de-icing fluid to seep out and prevent ice formation.
4. Pneumatic boot system: An inflatable boot or cover is installed on the cowl surface, which can be inflated to break off any formed ice.

The primary goals of an Airfoil cowl ice protection system are to:

1. Prevent ice formation on the engine cowl
2. Ensure smooth airflow over the cowl surfaces
3. Maintain engine performance and efficiency
4. Enhance safety by reducing the risk of ice-related accidents

These systems are critical components of modern aircraft, particularly those that operate in cold and icy conditions, such as commercial airliners, business jets, and helicopters.